What is the Cosmic Microwave Background?

Introduction

Right now, a faint hum of microwave energy is passing through your body, through the walls around you, and through every atom in the observable Universe. This is the Cosmic Microwave Background — and it may be the most important field in physics that most people have never heard of.

The Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation was discovered in 1964. Since then it has been studied with increasing precision. In this article we examine its findings from the perspective of geometry and the 4D Aether.

The Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMB) permeates the whole of the known Universe, which includes every square centimetre of space on Earth. Years before its discovery, scientists were engaged in an intense search for a luminiferous Aether that would act as a mechanism to transmit an electromagnetic wave through the vacuum of space. When they failed to identify it, the theory of the photon particle of light was introduced as an alternative solution. However, as a photon was still required to exhibit wave-like properties, the concept of wave-particle duality was introduced, which became a central theme of quantum mechanics. The mechanism whereby a wave could be collapsed into a particle was subsequently ascribed to a function of human consciousness: the observer effect.

Yet the issue of the wave-like properties of light has never been properly resolved. It is accepted that photons act like wave packets, which still require a medium in order to propagate. So when the Cosmic Background Radiation was eventually discovered, you might think it would cause quantum physics to re-evaluate its stance.

Instead, it was reduced to a remnant of the Big Bang, without ever being considered as a medium that could transport a light wave through the vacuum of space — removing the need for the particle properties of the photon. In this article we explore the qualities of this energy and propose a 4D Aether, which removes the wave-particle duality from quantum thinking and replaces it with simple logic, resolving numerous problems associated with the traditional scientific model.

What is The Cosmic Microwave Background?

The Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) is an energy field that permeates the whole of the Universe. Contrary to descriptions that locate it only "in the sky", it appears in the space that surrounds you and even in the space between every atom. It really is a universal energy field that exists everywhere, not just in some distant place.

So what does this mean? The whole of reality is floating on the background of a tremendous amount of energy. This was termed the Zero Point Energy field by Max Planck in 1911. Even the vacuum of space contains this energy. In fact, when we examine the reasons for the limitation of the speed of light, the solution is found in the electromagnetic resistance of space. But where does this resistance come from?

A simple answer would be the Cosmic Microwave Background. Although it only exhibits a fraction of the required energy compared to the calculated Zero Point field, it does permeate the entire Universe. Additionally, we find that it exhibits several properties that, as we shall see, match observed phenomena at the atomic scales of reality.

With its discovery in 1964, you would think that the idea of the CMB being linked to the concept of an Aether is a relatively small leap in deduction. However, the theory of the photon had apparently solved many of the major scientific problems that emerged from the classical interpretation of electromagnetic waves. To backtrack on over 60 years of quantum theory would deal a serious blow to our current interpretation of the Universe. Therefore, it appears that this idea was never seriously entertained. Yet, once we begin to adopt a 4th-dimensional view of the CMB, it begins to resolve quite a few challenges that quantum physics has struggled to solve.

What is The Aether?

In 1801, Thomas Young conducted an experiment that proved light was a wave. By directing light through a small slit, he produced a diffuse interference pattern indicative of a wave. Subsequently, Faraday discovered electricity and developed the first electrical generator. This was followed by Maxwell, who formulated much of the mathematics describing Faraday's experiments and subsequently discovered the electromagnetic spectrum. These discoveries paved the way for a radical transformation of the world, offering for the first time an alternative method for powering civilisation. Yet one problem persisted: if light were a wave, what is the medium that carries it through the vacuum of space?

When attempts such as the Michelson–Morley experiment failed to detect the Aether, and classical wave-theory predictions broke down in what became known as the Ultraviolet Catastrophe, the solution of the photon was proposed by Albert Einstein in 1901.

This idea was supported by Max Planck, when he realised that light could best be described as quantised packets. Through mathematical examination of the data, he produced a constant (h) that limited the energy of the wave packets and matched the observed phenomena to the photoelectric effect. However, in 1911, he also suggested that for this theory to work, the background of space should contain a tremendous amount of energy — which he termed the Zero Point Energy in the vacuum.

It was around this time that scientists first started to discover the structure of the atom: a tiny nucleus surrounded by a field of electrons. As quantum physics developed, two opposing views emerged. The Copenhagen interpretation of particle physics and Quantum Wave Theory.

Today, the particle definition is the primary model of the atom taught in schools. Yet for those who study advanced physics, it is clear that the atom does not behave in this way. Instead, we find that the electron cloud is a field of energy, termed by particle physicists as a "cloud of probability". This was a significant step for science, as prior to this, science required exact measurement and definition. The idea of wave-particle duality is still prevalent today, but it is worth noting that all of these theories dismissed Planck's original assertion that there should be a vast amount of energy in the vacuum of space. It is this energy which prevents the speed of light being infinite. Just as Max Planck suggested, the empty vacuum is not empty — it is filled with energy.

Therefore, the reason the Aether is not accepted has nothing to do with science, but with the taboos associated with it. In fact, modern theory has identified its existence, and cannot possibly work without it.

The Flatness of Space

What shape is the Universe? The idea that the Universe has a particular shape might seem strange, but it is a crucial concept if we are to understand what space actually is. The fact that we live in a 3D world is shown by the examination of gas released from a compressed state: gas expands to form a uniform medium. This means that space can be modelled using simple 3D shapes, such as a sphere or a cube. But what about at larger scales, such as the Universe itself?

In order to answer that question, we need to examine the nature of the CMB. It turns out to be almost uniform in all directions, with only very slight variations in temperature. Through the measurement of the CMB, we know Euclidean geometry holds true even when measuring vast distances of space. When first discovered, the CMB had a uniform background temperature of 2.7 Kelvin. It was not until the first space mission dedicated to studying the CMB — the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE), launched by NASA in 1989 — that tiny variations in temperature were detected. This was further refined by the WMAP space mission in 2003.

This uniformity of the CMB caused problems in the Steady State Universe Theory, which failed to explain how such uniformity could have arisen across vast distances of space. Light travelling from one side of the Universe had no way of interacting with light at the far reaches of the other side — just as milk poured into tea takes time to combine into a uniform mixture. This lent credence to the Expanding Universe Theory, which suggested these distances would be small enough if the Universe emerged from a single point, allowing for the conformity. However, making the theory work required the initial expansion to accelerate faster than the speed of light.

Once the CMB reached an isotropic state, the Universe's expansion slowed dramatically to form the galaxies we see today. However, this change in acceleration also requires a new kind of Dark Energy that would turn on or off to increase or decrease the expansion rate. Yet despite being often quoted as a fact, no direct evidence for Dark Energy has ever been found, even though it should account for around 72% of all energy in the Universe.

A simpler solution emerges when we consider the CMB as a 4D Aether. As the Aether permeates the whole of the Universe, we should expect it to have an isotropic nature. Composed of a uniform 4D structure, it would also be incompressible in 3D space yet still act like a fluid — one of the key requirements. This in turn overcomes the objection that a static Universe should collapse in on itself. But what is a 4D Aether? To obtain a clearer picture, we need to turn to the laws of geometry.

Gravity and the Aether

Is the Universe flat or curved? According to the relativistic theory of gravity, space-time becomes curved by mass, which creates a gravitational field. From this view, gravity is a consequence of continuously "falling" through space-time. However, the CMB proves that the Universe is completely flat. If you project two parallel lines out into space, they remain parallel regardless of the distance travelled. So how can the Universe (space) be flat while space-time is curved?

As scientists are not always geometrically minded, this concept eludes the traditional description of space and time. Normally, the warping of space-time is illustrated as a flat plane upon which an object with mass, such as the Earth, weighs down on its surface. However, in the 4D model of the Universe, space-time is curved around the Earth — the exact opposite of current theory.

This view sees the field lines of the background Aether wrapping around the surface of the Earth or any similar body, which is the correct view as described by the electromagnetic field. Although this may seem like a subtle difference, it is an important one, particularly when it comes to explaining the nature of gravity. Rather than "falling" through space-time, it is the field of the background Aether that is the force creating gravity. This is why the Earth has an electromagnetic field curved in the same direction as its surface. Gravitational lensing — the bending of light around an object of mass — confirms this picture.

This view inverts the present perception of gravity. Traditionally, it is believed that mass creates gravity. The 4D Aether model proposes the opposite: from this perspective, gravity creates mass. In this framework, the energy of a solid body of atoms is confined by the gravitational field, which maintains its density. This idea is even supported to a degree by the Expanding Universe Theory. The standard model of the Big Bang suggests that matter was pulled together to form galaxies through a combination of gravity and Dark Matter. If mass creates gravity, then mass must already be present before gravity can act upon it. However, in the 4D Aether model, if gravity creates the mass in the Universe, then we have a model whereby protons and electrons can begin to form — through the "condensing" of energy into atomic structure. This remains a theoretical proposal and is not part of the current scientific consensus.

Objects such as galaxies, stars, and planets all exhibit mass that distorts the field of the CMB, producing the gravitational effect. Without the CMB (Aether), gravity would not exist.

Similar theories of gravity involving the Aether have been proposed throughout history. Yet none have taken a 4D geometric approach. Lord Kelvin and Carl Anton Bjerknes (1871) suggested that bodies immersed in the Aether might pulsate in phase. If two spheres in a fluid pulsate in phase, they attract; if out of phase, they repel. This mechanism could also explain the nature of electric charges. However, criticisms arose because all such pulsations would need to be synchronised across the whole Universe. Additionally, it requires the Aether to be incompressible, and Maxwell argued that the process requires the ongoing production and destruction of the Aether.

The 4D Aether exactly expresses all of these qualities. In the example of the hypercube shown above, the constant rotation provides the equivalent of a "pulsation" effect in quantised steps. The 4D model of the Aether can therefore accommodate the quantised nature of reality and satisfies the problem of the ultraviolet catastrophe.

The Qualities of the CMB

The Cosmic Microwave Background has properties that have been observed and measured. Besides having an almost uniform temperature, it exhibits a frequency and a wavelength that are, like all electromagnetic waves, unified by the speed of light. If the wavelength increases, the frequency decreases, so that when the two are multiplied together the result is the speed of light constant (c).

The spectral radiance of the CMB can be measured by either frequency or wavelength over a square metre of space. This gives two distinct results where the energy is most prevalent.

Notice that when measured by frequency the temperature is 2.73 Kelvin, whereas when measured by wavelength the temperature is 0.0180 K — a tiny variation. For those who are geometrically minded, we can immediately recognise that the frequency of 282.82 GHz is roughly equivalent to √8 (2.828).

The Geometry of the CMB

The measurements of the CMB are extracted from a square metre of space. When we examine the frequency measurement, we find that the value 282.82 is almost exactly √8 (= 2.8284), which is the diagonal of a square with a side length of 2. Additionally, the temperature of 2.73 K is exceedingly close to the value of √3 + 1, or 2.732. This means we can place the two values on a right-angle triangle, with the third side measuring √3 − 1.

Furthermore, when 2 (representing space) is divided by √3 − 1, it produces √3 + 1 — the temperature of the CMB. In Dimensionless Science, we use 3 to express the speed of light (c) and introduce a new constant for the speed of sound in an infinitely dense noble gas as √c, i.e. √3.

The 4D Aether exhibits the properties of an incompressible fluid, which produces resistance in the vacuum of space. This limits the maximum speed at which an electromagnetic wave (light) can penetrate such a substance. In fact, it is electromagnetic resistance that limits the speed of light. In 4D Aether theory, this is expressed as a 4D rotation, as shown in the image of the hypercube above.

So where do we find the value √3 ± 1? A cube with a side-length of 1 has a diagonal of √3. Therefore, a cube with a diagonal of 1 has a side length of √3 − 1. If these two cubes are added together, the combined diagonal equals √3 + 1. This produces a particular type of hypercube comprised of 3 cubes. The inner and outer cube can pivot (4D rotation) around the central cube with side-length of 1.

From this example, we begin to describe the 4D Aether in terms of a hyper-cubic function. Movement equates to energy, which is also indicative of temperature. The motion of the 4D Aether therefore produces the energy that maintains the minimum temperature of the entire Universe, synchronised across time and space.

The CMB and the Electron

The 4D hyper-cubic expression of the CMB also expresses a relationship between its temperature, the speed of light (dimensionless constant 3), and the mass of an electron. By multiplying the side-lengths of the inner and outer cubes shown above, we get the value (√3 + 1) / 3 — that is, temperature divided by the speed of light. The result is a value very close to the electron mass.

The electron mass is reproduced to within 0.027% — a precision that is unlikely to be coincidental, and one that connects the temperature of the background radiation field directly to the rest mass of the lightest charged particle in the Universe.

Using the traditional scientific constants, we find that (T / c) ÷ Me = 9.9811 × 10²¹, where T is the temperature of the CMB, c is the speed of light, and Me is the mass of the electron. This value is reduced in scale to 0.99811 × 10¹⁴ when we take into account that the CMB measurements are compiled using a square metre, as the speed of light is normally considered at much larger scales. As the suggested diameter of an electron is about 10⁻¹⁴ metres, this value resolves to the correct scale — 0.99811, a difference of less than 0.002.

It is worth noting that the diameter of the electron has never actually been proven to exist. Traditional atomic theory has no explanation as to why the electron should exhibit its particular mass or size values, which are calculated in terms of its minimum distance from the proton. If the correlation between the electron and CMB were established, it would represent a complete revolution in our current scientific thinking.

The CMB and the Electron Cloud

The simplified models of the atom, such as those taught in schools and used by chemists, show a nucleus surrounded by shells into which electrons fall. This has been proven not to be the case. Such ideas are based on the Bohr interpretation, which dates back to the early 1900s. By the 1920s it had already become clear that electrons do not orbit the nucleus like planets orbit the Sun. Instead, they form a cloud of energy that itself has a geometric structure — a topic covered in detail in our theory of Atomic Geometry.

Whilst the simplified model does provide a useful shorthand in many contexts, the fact that many people view the electron as a particle has created a mainstream view of the atom that is simply not factually correct. Yet when we consider the CMB that permeates every inch of space in the Universe, we can begin to adjust our view towards a more accurate understanding.

If we imagine a vacuum devoid of atoms, then light will expand from a source at the speed of light. This speed is limited by the electromagnetic resistance of the vacuum, which is how the constant (c) is derived. The atomic nucleus is formed of protons and neutrons, which have a measured radius, unlike the electron which is expressed only as a "point charge". This defines the amount of energy the field expresses at a certain distance from the atomic nucleus.

Imagine a proton immersed in the CMB, which creates a warping of its fabric — the proton's mass density makes it harder for the energy to travel through it. Therefore, the electron takes the path of least resistance and bends around it, just as described in our earlier discussion of the gravitational field. The electron cloud is therefore a description of this distortion. Any displacement of the CMB increases the field strength around that object.

In the Universe at large, there are exactly the same number of protons as electrons. When an electron is removed from a proton, it will immediately seek to recombine in order to produce a stable atomic structure. It does not matter which electron — what matters is that the 4D field returns to a unity state. As the CMB is a universal field, any disturbance in one part will affect the whole. This is already suggested by the fact that all bodies in the Universe affect each other, according to both electromagnetic field theory and gravitation.

When we generate electricity, we are changing the balance of the field, not creating energy from nothing. For example, a battery only produces an electric current for as long as there is an imbalance of charge at the plates that make each cell. Electricity does not run down the wire; rather, the magnetic field sets up a quantum effect that establishes the charge in the circuit.

When we begin to adapt our thinking to this more accurate description of the electromagnetic field and the nature of the atom in light of a 4D Aether, it begins to resolve many problems associated with standard theory. The unification of the nature of electromagnetic waves and the frequency of the CMB — which pervades the whole Universe — offers a new solution to the stable nature of the electron orbitals. Each atom is immersed in the CMB, which in turn maintains the atomic structure. If this is the case, it would represent the largest revolution in atomic thinking since the first discovery of the atom, and would finally resolve the stable nature of the electron cloud.

The CMB and the Hydrogen Atom

It is a curious fact that the existing model of the atom cannot produce the value for the experimentally measured radius of the hydrogen atom. The Bohr radius suggests a value of 53 picometres, whereas the Van der Waals radius is 120 picometres. Yet the experimentally measured value is only 25 picometres with a tolerance of ±5 pm. This means the calculations are out by over 100% to almost 500%.

We can find the value for the surface area of a sphere with the equation r² × 4π. Therefore, the hydrogen atom with a radius of 0.25 pm will have a surface area of 1 / 4π. When we divide the value for the electron mass of (√3 + 1) / 3 by 1 / 4π, we obtain the distribution of energy over the surface of the sphere: 1.1595. This is extremely close to the value for electron volts for the CMB of 1.166. In fact, if we substitute the electron mass for the official constant of 9.1093 × 10⁻³¹ and reduce the radius of the hydrogen atom by just 0.1 pm to 24.9 pm, then the result is 1.169, which is well within the experimental error of ±5 picometres.

This tells us that the electron's mass, spread across the surface area of the hydrogen atom, produces an energy density of 1.169 × 10⁻¹⁰ — almost identical to the CMB's energy measured in electron volts. In other words, the hydrogen atom's surface is energetically tuned to the background radiation field.

Using the standard electron mass (mₑ = 9.1093 × 10⁻³¹ kg) and hydrogen radius = 24.9 × 10⁻¹² m:

The match is striking, but it is measured at the scale of a square metre of space — the standard unit used to extract CMB spectral data. To bring this into correspondence with atomic dimensions, we need to rescale to the picometre, the unit in which atomic radii are expressed. Notice that the CMB value is 10⁷ times greater than the actual result. However, this is derived for a metre of space. To resolve the value to the picometre, we divide the CMB value by 10¹².

At this rescaled value, something remarkable becomes visible: the energy density of the CMB now sits precisely at the femtometre scale — the scale of the proton itself.

This means that 100,000 units of CMB radiation, equivalent to 1 unit of energy, are distributed over the surface sphere of the hydrogen atom. To make this easier to comprehend, we can imagine unwrapping the surface area of the hydrogen sphere into a square and dividing its side into 100 units. This produces 10,000 small squares over its surface. Each of the smaller units can be filled with ten quanta of energy from the CMB.

Remembering that the radius of the hydrogen atom is defined in picometres (pm), a single unit of CMB energy is 1 femtometre (fm) — the scale of a single proton. The 4D Aether and the photon are unified at the same scale of reality. This begins to reveal how the electron field of a single hydrogen atom is composed of point charges that are intrinsically related to the size of its proton.

Collapsing the Wave Function

The electron cloud is noted for exhibiting various peculiarities. Whilst its wave-like nature is generally accepted, the idea that the wave can collapse into a single particle is also a fundamental tenet of the standard model. It is mostly believed that the act of measuring the electron collapses its wave-like nature into a particle — this is called collapsing the wave function, described by Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. Scientists can identify the location of the electron or its momentum, but not both at the same time.

We can imagine that the act of measuring the electron collapses the energy into a single point on the surface of the s-orbital field. This means that every point on the surface of the sphere has the potential to express the entire energy of the electron as a single point. We can express this by taking the value for the surface area and multiplying it by the mass value for the electron.

This product represents the total energy that could be localised into a single point on the hydrogen atom's surface — the energy concentrated at the moment of wave-function collapse. Squaring this value then expresses the probability density of finding that collapsed charge, which quantum mechanics treats as the fundamental measure of particle localisation.

This value almost exactly measures a quarter wavelength of the CMB at 282.82 GHz, or √8 ÷ 4. The factor of four is not arbitrary: an electromagnetic wave is composed of two component waves offset by 90°, and a full cycle requires four quarter-turns. The electron field, immersed in the CMB, inherits this same geometry — collapse happens at the quarter-turn, the precise moment the two component waves reach maximum separation.

A more exact result is produced with a hydrogen radius of 24.853 pm — only −0.047 pm from the measured radius of 25 pm.

But what is the significance of this apparent coincidence? When scientists study the hydrogen atom, it is often bombarded with highly energetic alpha or gamma radiation. This dislodges the electron, which makes a detectable imprint on a metallic plate. In the process, the hydrogen atom is annihilated — which is the fundamental reason why we can only know the electron's position and not its momentum, or vice versa. By measuring the trajectory of the electron, it is possible to establish its location; by mathematically working out its mass, we can deduce its "momentum". However, the idea that the atom is immersed in the vacuum energy provides a slightly different view.

When a high-powered energy wave strikes the electron field, it disrupts the CMB, causing the proton to become detached from the electron field. The electron's energy is propelled through the Aether as a 4D wave, which can then be detected.

For many people, the idea that an electron is a particle is so heavily ingrained that accepting its wave-like nature is initially quite hard. However, the wave-particle duality of the electron has been well established. This was first postulated by Louis de Broglie in his 1924 Physics Thesis, and confirmed shortly afterwards by the Davisson–Germer Experiment. Additionally, the dimensions of the electron have never been established — we find a wide variation in suggested radii, ranging from the classical radius of 2.82 × 10⁻¹⁵ m (close to √8) to zero. Notice that the frequency of the CMB has the same value: 282.82 GHz. Evidence continues to mount for a mathematical correlation between the electron field and the CMB.

Just like the photon, the particle nature of the electron can be attributed to the 4D Aether that quantises space. However, in our calculations previously, we found that the surface of the hydrogen sphere multiplied by the mass of the electron is only a quarter of this value. What might be the reason for this?

To answer that, we need to consider the nature of electromagnetic waves. These are formed of two component waves offset by a quarter turn, or 90°. The electron wave also exhibits these properties. After a quarter turn, a maximum distance between the two waves is established. The consequence is that the electron field is disturbed enough for the 4D Aether to ripple, creating the effect of a particle moving through space. It is the nature of 4D rotation that propels energy towards a specific location.

In conclusion, from the perspective of the 4th dimension, it is the nature of space itself that is quantised — as it is a 4D construct. An energy source can disturb the Aetheric field, leading to the accumulation of charges, which gives rise to the particle nature of the electron. Should this be the case, it will radically alter our view of quantum theory and even electromagnetism, in as profound a way as when Einstein first proposed the photon. This view does provide a logical reason for the wave-particle dualistic nature of light, atoms, and even larger molecules. The quantised nature of energy becomes geometric in nature. For more on this see What is Quantum Foam? A 4D Perspective.

The CMB Elementary Charge

The scientific constant for elementary charge, denoted by e, is the fundamental unit of energy. The quantised nature of reality means that e only appears as whole-number integers. The exception are quarks, which are theorised to exhibit a 1/3 or 2/3 elementary charge — although they have never been isolated and so only exist as constituent parts of the proton or neutron. Presently, elementary charge (e) has a value of 1.60217 × 10⁻¹⁹ coulombs (C).

Returning to our examination of the spectral radiance values obtained for the CMB, we find a similar correlation between the value for energy (187.4 J) when measured by frequency and wavelength (1.87 mm) when measured by wavelength. What is profoundly interesting is that when the speed of light (c) is divided by elementary charge (e), we arrive at almost exactly the same value.

In other words, the ratio of the two most fundamental constants of electromagnetism — the speed of light and the elementary charge — reproduces the spectral energy value of the CMB. This is not a dimensional coincidence: it suggests the CMB wavelength is the natural unit from which the elementary charge itself is derived.

From the perspective of 4D, the speed of light does not represent a photon travelling through space. It is attributed to the maximum expansion of a spherical wave as it overcomes the resistance of the energy in the vacuum — the background Aether. This resistance is expressed by two constants: the electro-resistive aspect (ε₀) and the magnetic resistive aspect (μ₀). What this shows us is that the limitation of c can also be associated with the energy or wavelength of the CMB, which in turn creates the energy quanta (e). This can be demonstrated mathematically by inverting the equation.

As light frequency and wavelength of an electromagnetic wave will also equal c when multiplied, we find that (e) is equivalent to the wavelength of the CMB. The speed of light and CMB wavelength can be reduced from the GHz range (10⁻³) for a metre, to the picometre range at 10⁻¹², to produce a scale at 10⁻¹⁵ whereby both quantities unify to one.

The fundamental unit of energy (e) is found to be the wavelength or energy of the CMB, depending upon which method is used to extract the data. The unification of the CMB now shows a correlation between the fundamental quantised energy units of reality, as well as the mass and supposed size of the electron and hydrogen atom.

The CMB and the Proton

The proton is found in the nucleus of the atom. Conventional theory suggests it is a positively charged particle with a value of +1e, whereas the electron is negatively charged with a value of −1e. For this reason, all neutral atoms exhibit the same number of protons as electrons. The hydrogen atom is constituted with just one proton and one electron. When these come into equilibrium, the electron resides in the lowest energy shell. Only when it receives enough energy from a photon will the electron "jump" into a higher shell, absorbing the photon in the process. The word "jump" is used because it can never exist in an intermediate state — this is why the electron is quantised. The equilibrium of the electron and the proton are expressed in terms of the elementary charge constant.

The positive charge of the proton and the negative charge of the electron reach an equilibrium that defines the lowest energy shell of the atom.

As mentioned previously, the classical interpretation of the atom suggests that the proton is made up of quarks that are theoretically made of third charges. The UP quark is made of +2/3e, whilst the DOWN quark is −1/3e. From this view, a single proton is made of two UP quarks and one DOWN, giving it an overall charge of 1e. The neutron has one UP quark and two DOWN quarks, giving it a zero charge of 0e.

The CMB wavelength encodes not just atomic-scale relationships but also sub-nuclear ones. Quarks — the constituents of the proton — carry fractional charges of 1/3 and 2/3 of the elementary unit. If the CMB truly underlies the structure of matter, we should expect its wavelength to reflect these fractions too, connecting the background field all the way down to the charge structure inside the proton itself.

When we divide the elementary charge constant by 2/3 we get the result 1.06811, which is the value for the wavelength of the CMB when the wave is used to examine its spectral radiance. This means that the UP quark holds a charge that is equivalent to the wavelength of the CMB at 1.06 mm.

These two values differ by less than 0.8%. The charge carried by the UP quark — the sub-nuclear constituent of the proton — matches the wavelength of the CMB radiation field to a striking degree, implying that quark charge itself may be a geometric imprint of the background field.

However, the coincidence does not end there. The radius of the proton is between 0.84–0.87 fm when calculated by the root-mean-square charge radius, although more recent studies place the value at 0.833 fm. A radius of 0.848 fm can be divided into three to produce the result 0.28266 fm, which is a close match for the frequency of the CMB at 282.73 GHz.

Dividing the proton radius by three yields a value that agrees with the CMB peak frequency to five significant figures. This means the same number that describes the physical size of the proton's charge distribution also describes the frequency at which the background radiation field peaks — suggesting both are governed by the same underlying geometric unit.

We can substitute the value of three with the speed of light and get a similar result. A more exact result is gained with a proton radius of 0.2827 fm. Again, we can invert the equation so that the speed of light at the femtometre scale multiplied by the CMB frequency produces the proton radius.

Expressed this way, the speed of light multiplied by the CMB peak frequency recovers the proton radius at the femtometre scale. The three most independently measured constants — c, the CMB frequency, and the proton radius — are bound by a single multiplicative relationship, reinforcing the case that all three have a common geometric origin.

Note that the speed of light (c) is reduced to the fm scale by a factor of 10⁻¹⁹.

What we recognise is that the radius of the proton correlates to the frequency of the CMB multiplied by the speed of light. Furthermore, the speed of light (c) can be divided by elementary charge (e), which constitutes the energy of a single proton, to produce the energy of the CMB. The fact that energy, radius, and even the nature of UP quark charges can all be traced back to the qualities measured from the CMB begins to suggest it is much more than just a remnant of a Big Bang explosion. Instead, we start to realise that it may lie at the very heart of quantum phenomena.

The CMB Anomalies

The CMB also exhibits a few peculiar traits that a 4D Aether is able to resolve. The first of these is the low-ℓ multipole anomaly. In particular, the quadrupole and octupole (ℓ = 3) modes appear to have an unexplained alignment with each other and with both the ecliptic plane and the equinoxes.

What this means is that there appears to be an alignment of the CMB to our own galaxy and even the relationship between the Earth and the Sun. A quadrupole is a magnetic field in a square alignment, and the octupole is in a cubic form. In atomic theory, these ℓ = 3 modes form F-orbital shells — the final type of orbital found to maintain a stable atom.

The CMB also exhibits a large area that is substantially colder than the average temperature. Various theories have been postulated, from a large invisible void to a collision with a parallel Universe. However, a far simpler solution is found if we consider that the Universe is toroidal in nature. This cold spot could indicate the "pole" of a torus field.

The implication is that the Universe might not be expanding, as the 4D geometric Universe can maintain its size due to its incompressible capacity. From the perspective of 4D, the Universe is continuously creating and destroying itself instant after instant — just as the hypercube forms a single 4D rotation in which one cube continuously replaces the other.

This also resolves another anomaly. It has been calculated that the amount of matter in the Universe appears to be greater than critical density. According to inflation theory, if the Universe has too little matter it will expand into infinity; if there is too much, it will collapse. Yet the balance between space and matter gives the Universe the appearance of being flat — until data from the Planck satellite showed that the Universe exhibits greater gravitational lensing than previously thought. In other words, light is bending around more matter than previously assumed. This means the Universe might be spheroid after all — a closed system.

The CMB and Gravity

Gravity still remains an unsolved problem. There have been numerous attempts to form a cohesive theory that works at both the macroscopic level of the Universe and at the microscopic scales of the atom. Yet none have successfully solved the problem of quantum gravity. As shown previously, from the perspective of the 4D Aether, gravity is created by the distortion of the CMB by a large mass that warps the fabric of space-time around the object. We also find evidence of this when we consider the relationship of the electron and proton to the CMB.

When the electron mass is multiplied by the surface area of the hydrogen atom, it produces a value that is ¼ that of the CMB frequency. We can express this as the fraction √8 / 4. We can also divide the CMB frequency by the speed of light, which will roughly equate to the fraction √8 / 3. When these values are multiplied together, the result is the Newtonian gravity constant (G).

The result is 0.9987 — within 0.13% of exact unity. The Newtonian gravitational constant is reproduced solely from the CMB frequency and the speed of light, with no additional free parameters. If this relationship holds, it is the first time that G has been derived from an observed radiation field, offering a direct bridge between quantum-scale measurements and macroscopic gravity.

CMB Frequency = 282.73 GHz | c = 299,792,485 m/s | G = 6.674 × 10⁻¹¹

Here we see an almost exact unity between the CMB, the surface of the hydrogen atom, the speed of light, and the gravitational constant. If this should be more than a coincidence, it would be the first time that a gravitational theory could address the quantum scale. Interestingly, this could be calculated without consideration of the strong or weak nuclear force. These theoretical forces are employed to explain why neutrons and protons are bound so tightly together and to describe the interactions of electrons and other elementary particles. However, if these force interactions can be removed through the CMB relationship, then the only forces that remain are the electromagnetic and gravitational — both fundamentally governed by the geometry of a 4th-dimensional Aether.

The connection becomes clearer when we consider what the 4D Aether actually does geometrically. A 4D rotation — such as the continuous rotation of the hypercube — produces a repeating, fractal compression of the field at every scale. At the macroscopic scale this manifests as the gravitational field wrapping around a massive body; at the atomic scale the same rotational geometry confines the electron field and maintains the proton's radius. Because the 4D geometry scales uniformly — a hypercube can fill space both at the scale of a hydrogen atom and at the scale of a galaxy — the same mathematical relationships appear at every level of reality. This points toward a new geometric framework for unifying quantum mechanics and gravity, one in which both phenomena are expressions of the same underlying 4D rotational structure rather than fundamentally different forces requiring separate theories.

Conclusion

Whilst the Cosmic Microwave Background may be considered as the remnants of a Big Bang as proposed by the expansion theory, from the perspective of the 4th dimension it can also represent a 4D Aether. The CMB covers every unit of space throughout the Universe. Its qualities are found to express the dimensions and energy of the quark, proton, electron, and hydrogen atom. From this view, the CMB is the prime cause for the quantised nature of reality — a natural consequence of 4D rotation.

The idea of an Expanding Universe, where matter appears to be disconnected from the vacuum of space it occupies, is seriously challenged by the 4D Aether view. Instead, it proposes that at the smallest scales of reality the 4th dimension is at work, quantising reality into moments of causal time. The 4D Aether therefore offers a new insight into the nature of time and space itself.

The correlation between the CMB and atomic structure is so prevalent that 4D Aether Theory begins to make more sense, as it solves the wave-particle paradox presented by quantum mechanics. It offers a completely new view of gravitational fields, electromagnetic waves, and the zero-point energy field. The acoustic oscillations imprinted on the CMB — the primordial sound waves that seeded the large-scale structure of the Universe — are explored further in Baryonic Acoustic Oscillations and the speed of sound in the primordial universe. For a related exploration of these themes from a speed-of-light perspective or through dimensionless constants, follow the links below.

FAQ

How does the 4D Aether explain gravitation?

When we adjust our view towards the idea that every point of space in the Universe is immersed in a background Aether, we begin to understand the interconnected nature of reality. This includes the nature of gravity at both the quantum and universal scales. A 4D geometry is formed of both a space and time function as it goes through a 4D rotation. The rotational force in the Universe is in turn related to the gravitational field. A 4D geometry such as the hypercube can fill space both uniformly and in a fractal manner, expressing the same qualities at the various scales found throughout reality. If we can identify the correct mechanism that manifests these gravitational fields, we may well be able to solve the quantum gravity problem.

What does the CMB mean for our present theory of electricity?

From the perspective of the 4D Aether, all electrical generation is a consequence of disturbing the Aether field. As this is a geometric construct, many electrical components function due to their geometry as much as the material they are constructed of. For example, a resistor is simply a coil of wire — once wrapped, it adds resistance into the circuit based on the number of coils; geometry defines the electric field. Further development in methods of electrical generation may in future be found through deeper consideration of the geometric arrangement of electrical circuits.

What is the Cosmic Microwave Background?

The Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) is an energy field that permeates the whole Universe — not just distant space, but every cubic centimetre around you and between every atom. It has a near-uniform temperature of 2.73 Kelvin with only tiny variations. Mainstream science regards it as a remnant of the Big Bang, but its measured values encode the dimensions and energy of the electron, proton, and hydrogen atom in ways that suggest it may be far more fundamental — a 4D Aether underlying quantum reality.

What does the 4D Aether mean for quantum theory?

The 4D Aether offers a new insight into the nature of time and space. It proposes that at the smallest scales of reality the 4th dimension quantises reality into moments of causal time. The correlation between the CMB and atomic structure challenges the Expanding Universe view and begins to solve the wave-particle paradox presented by quantum mechanics. It offers a completely new view of gravitational fields, electromagnetic waves, and the zero-point energy field.