P-orbital Geometry
P-orbitals are the second type of electrons to appear in the atomic structure. These appear as two lobes positioned either
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S-orbital Geometry
The electron cloud is formed of four types of orbitals S, P, D, and F. The most simple of these
2D Orbital Geometry of the Electron Cloud
Most people think of the electron as a tiny particle that circulates around the atomic nucleus. However, in truth, there
The 4D Electron Cloud
Regardless of which theory of the atom we examine, the concept of the electron as a particle seems to prevail.
The secret of lasers
A laser is an example of coherent light, that can project a beam extremely long distances. Powerful enough to cut
A 4D geometric wave model of matter without wave particle duality
Just as the wave-particle model of light started to be established, it was suddenly discovered that matter also behaves in
Is there an alternative to wave particle duality?
At the turn of the 1900s, problems with the photoelectric effect, and black body radiation began to suggest that light
Can the photo electric effect be explained without the need for a photon?
When certain frequencies of light, particularly those in the ultraviolet range, are projected onto different materials, electrons are emitted from
What is Ultaviolet Catastrophe? A harmonic solution to the Planck Constant.
When the classical interpretation of electromagnetic waves started to fail observed experimental measurements of black body radiation, the solution was
What is Quantum Foam? A 4D perspective
The idea of Quantum Foam suggests that at the smallest scales of reality, tiny energy fluctuation are present. These virtual
